Coordinated Offshore Ene rgy Extraction and Power Levelling

Coordinated Offshore Energy Extraction system,

Wind, Wave, Tide, Deep Sea Cold Water and Solar

www.renewableenergypumps.com

SUMMARY

In the spirit of collective knowledge, and the quest to find a way to extract renewable energy from the sea, the following information are provided, hoping it helps others to come up with a viable and economical wave energy extraction system.

Once it is planned to extract offshore energy, then it is wise to explore all available offshore renewable energies and devise a system for maximum utilization of the respective sea surface area.

This leads to installing a Coordinated Offshore Energy Extraction system as shown in Figure-8 to extract the following offshore renewable energy sources:

I. Wave Energy Extraction where Potential and Kinetic energies are extracted.
1. a. Potential Energy is extracted using Buoyant Floats to directly drive water pumps or electric generators.
2. b. Kinetic Energy is extracted using water turbines installed below lowest instantaneous sea level at the wave Lee Side to directly drive water pumps or electric generators to extract energy from the Lee side of the wave.
3. c. The small quantity of water at high head is collected and fed into a Hydro Turbo Generator.
4. d. The electric power generated by the generators is 3-phase AC using variable speed Isosync. Generators connected in parallel and fed to a step up transformer.
II. Tidal Energy is extracted by means of water turbines driving a water pump or electric generator.
III. Wind Energy using medium size wind turbines (1.5MW), and transferring the torque from the Nacelle at the top of the WT support to the electric generator installed at a dry deck.
IV. Solar Energy using the roof of the offshore “Construction Unit” to install PV cells where DC current is generated and fed to a common bus and inverted to AC voltage and fed to a step up transformer.
V. Deep Sea Cold Water for use as Air Conditioning medium (SWAC). Injecting compressed air into the top section of a deep water pipe develops a positive head at the cold water intake at 800m below MSL and forces the cold water up the pipe where it is de-aerated and pumped as cold water to Air Handling Units.
VI. A “Construction Unit” fixed and anchored to the sea bed provides a dry deck and enclosed space for all above equipment.

These systems were developed as a Coordinated Offshore Energy Extraction system (COEE), and are detailed at www.renewableenrgypumps.com

NOVELTIES

There are a number of novelties provided by the COEE system. To name a few:

The direct drive method of wave energy extraction using infinite line without limitation on the wave heights. The only restriction is the height of the CU dry deck above MSL.
The arrangement of the “Construction Units” in a V configuration to achieve wave power output leveling and to reduce the power ripple over the whole wave cycle to a to minimum.
Providing medium size 1.5 MW wind turbines with its generator installed at the base of the WT support at the dry deck of the offshore Construction Unit.
Using the CU to support tidal turbines with direct drive to operate respective water pumps and/or electric generators located at the dry deck, thus reducing support costs. Also removing the electric generator from underwater installation which is the present way of installation. .
Providing an offshore Construction Unit to allow all equipment to be installed at a dry deck in an enclosed space.
Installation of a water turbine to extract energy from the Lee side of the wave, thus enhancing wave energy extraction and improving power leveling over the whole wave cycle.
Deep Sea Cold Water extraction.
The roof area of the CU is used to install PV cells to extract Solar Energy.

POWER OUTPUT

The performance of Renewable Energy Wave Extraction system is as shown below in Table-2. These figures do not include wave height attenuation and the energy extracted from the Lee side of the wave.

The estimated power output for the COEE system can easily reach 1 MW per a sea front of 10-meters, distributed as follows:

21 % is extracted by Tidal Turbines.

41 % is extracted by Wave Turbines

25 % is extracted by Wave Energy system

13 % is extracted by PV Solar system.

Xx % is allocated for deep sea cold water extraction

Table-2 Wave Energy Extraction system - Performance for Different Float Sizes

Description

Float OD m 1.5 2.0 2.6 3.0

Float Height m 1.50 84.00 0.50 0.50

Float Total Uplift - Tons 2.65 2.65 2.65 3.53

Working Head meters 50 50 50 50

Construction Unit WxL m 17x13 21x16 27x21 31x23

Available Wave Energy / CU KW-H / Year 3,301,608 4,402,144 5,722,787 6,603,21

Energy Generated / CU KW-H / Year 750,798 1,119,084 1,518,298 1,651,196

Total Efficiency % 22.74 25.42 26.53 25.01

Wave Power for 1 m High Wave / CU - KW 77 95 122 140

Avge Power Generated / C.U.1 m wave KW 7.15 9.00 33.89 34.39

Efficiency % 9.34 9.52 27.89 24.65

Wave Power for 3 m High Wave / CU - KW 689 851 1,094 1,256

Avge Power Generated / C.U.3-m wave - KW 151.24 226.10 279.21 306.37

Efficiency % 21.97 26.58 25.53 24.40

Wave Power for 3 m High Wave / CU - KW 4,896 6,048 7,776 8,928

Avge Power Generated / C.U.8-m wave - KW 796.41 870.72 876.12 933.32

Efficiency % 16.27 14.40 11.27 10.45

Generated by 2, 3 & 4 m High waves, KW-H/Year 655,023 1,001,706 1,374,170 1,463,736

Percent Generated by 2,3 & 4 m High Waves, % 87.24 89.51 90.51 88.65

The above data does not include wave height attenuation and Wave Turbine energy extraction at the Lee side of the wave. It is evident that the system design depends upon sea, i.e. available wave heights and durations.

WAVE ENERGY

GENERAL INFORMATION

WAVE PERIOD

Wave energy extraction systems using Buoyant Floats depend on wave heights and wave periods. Actual wave characteristics are variable and cannot be represented by a single formula.

USE OF A SET OF BUOYANT FLOATS IN LINE WITH INCOMING WAVES

Our investigation and calculations show the following:

a. The energy extracted by a Floating Buoys varies with the wave height, can be way above 90 % and is independent of the wave period. Our calculations are based on an average 9 second wave period using the formula: KW = 0.5 H^2xT where H is the wave height in meters and T is the wave period in seconds.
b. A heaving Buoy would extract only the Potential Energy of the wave and does not extract any of the Kinetic Energy.
c. The COEE system provides for maximum Kinetic energy extraction by making the bottom of the Float convex, thus extracting some KE due to the upward momentum of the water flow. In addition; a vertical axis water turbine directly drives an electric generator installed at the dry deck of the CU thus extracting wave energy at the Front and at the Lee side of the wave. We do not know any other wave energy extraction system that extracts energy during the whole wave cycle.
d. The problem with point absorbers is that energy is extracted during the front end of the wave cycle, i.e. during 90 degrees. Installing four Buoys in line with the incoming wave would extend this period to 126 degrees, which is way below the 360 degree wave cycle. Assuming a wave extraction efficiency of 100%, then the average energy extracted would be in the range of 22.1% (70%x(90%x126/360)) after considering 30% hydraulic and 10% electrical losses, or 28.4% for electrical losses of 10% where no water pumps are used.
e. The COEE system provides wave energy attenuation by the physical presence of the Floats that impedes the upward motion of water due to restricting the area through which the water moved upward, thus increasing the wave height.
f. A Coordinated Offshore Energy Extraction system “COEE” consists of a field of 1.5 meter diameter and 1.5m high Floats, four in line with the incoming wave and spaced at 3m centers, reduces the area from 9 square meters to 3.534 sqm. The momentum of the water moving upward would raise the height of the wave above its incoming value had there been no Float to restrict this movement. The head attenuation would be increased up to 1.64; thus raising the apparent wave height by 1.28 and increasing the energy extraction.
g. The COEE system holds the Floats in place and does not allow horizontal swinging movement by making the Float pull line or chain pass through a tube installed inside the Float.
h. A detailed description of wave and marine energy extraction is shown under COEE System Description below.

200 m depth lies beyond the 50-nautical

Wave energy extraction systems should be as close to the shore line as possible. Contemplating 50-nautical mile installation adds considerable expenses to transmit the generated electric power to the shore.

a. Installation at deep sea beds of 50m and above would raise the capital expenditure due to CU structure.
b. No matter what wave energy extraction system is used, scalability must be taken into consideration together with transfer of power, hydraulic pipes and/or electric cables to the hydro turbo generator or, electric generator and power transmission to shore.
c. No matter what wave energy extraction system is used, an offshore structure is required for the hydro turbo or electric generator and associated equipment.
d. To achieve power leveling over the whole wave cycle, the COEE system provides sets of “Construction Unit” at 2m clearance in groups of 12 CU’s in a V configuration with respective hydro turbo or electric generator and associated equipment, all installed at a dry deck in an enclosed space.

Total West Coast Energy is 587 and 419 TWh per year for outer and inner Shelf respectively (Source DOE)

The value of a maximum of 25% is proposed to be used when estimating the electric power generated with respect to available wave energy. This value is comparable with wind turbines efficiency, with solar energy systems and even gas turbines whose efficiency is in the order of 31%. Actual KW-Hours generated depends upon sea and wind states.

No Energy Extraction Cut-off point

The higher the wave height the more energy is extracted. The crest of the wave is a cut-off energy extraction point. The only extension of this cut-off point is the use of four pumps or generators in line with the incoming wave and vertical axis water turbines to extract the wave energy from the Lee side of the wave, as uniquely developed by the COEE system. A vertical axis reversible water turbine is installed below the COEE “Construction Unit” to extract the Kinetic Energy of the wave in both directions, at the leading and lee side of the wave.

Extraction Formula and Wave Period Used

We are using the formula below, which approximates the available wave energy, namely:

Power (KW) = 0.5xHxHxT, where, H is the wave height in meters, and T is the wave period in seconds.

The use of any other formula does not alter the energy extracted by the COEE system. Moreover; T does not impact the COEE wave energy extraction system.

COEE limits

The COEE wave energy extraction system is self regulating as to wave heights, MSL variations and can handle waves in excess of 8 m heights. There is no Threshold Operating Condition (TOC).

There is no wave height limit, as the extraction method is a continuous direct chain drive between the Float and the Generator or Water Pump as the case may be.

Float Size

Making a Float more than 3m diameter would result in large buoyant forces acting on the energy extraction equipment, and becomes less feasible as to mooring and to the structure of the Float.

The COEE system consists of a series of “Construction Units” measuring 17x13 to 31x23 meters spaced 2m apart and each containing 1-set of 4-pumps or generators with a Float diameter of 1.5 to 3m and a height of 1.5 to 0.5m, would provide an average power output over the whole 3m high wave cycle of 15.12 to 30.64 KW respectively. These values do not include wave height attenuation and the energy extracted from the Lee side of the wave by the vertical axis water turbine.

The respective efficiencies for 1.5, 2.0, 2.6 and 3.0 meter floats are 24.90, 28.50, 28.14 and 25.21 percent.

Increasing the Float diameter to 3m and a height of 0.5m would provide an average continuous power output over the whole wave cycle of 30.64 KW, .and a total continuous power output efficiency of 25.22%. Therefore; increasing the Float diameter would not improve system performance. On the contrary it reduces efficiency, increases costs and construction requirements.

The COEE system is manageable, scalable and economical. Moreover, installing the Construction Units in a V configuration would result in leveled wave power output over the whole wave cycle with minimum power ripple.

Oversized Equipment

The COEE system provides oversized generators and Wave Water Pumps to cover wave heights of 8m and above. Where wave water pumps are used to pump high pressure water into a Hydro-Turbo generator, bypass valves are provided to dump the excess high pressure water.

Project Location

The following should be investigated:

a. The sea state, wave heights, period and duration for a whole year. This determines the available energy and the energy that can be extracted in KW-Hours per year.
b. The sea bed contour to determine the structure design of the CU, and the possibility of deep sea cold water pumping.
c. The wind state to determine the amount of energy extraction in KW-Hours per year.
d. The tidal currents, daily and seasonal changes.

HIGH POWER WINDTURBINES

& COORDINATED OFFSHORE ENERGY EXTRACTION SYSTEM

EXISTING WIND TURBINE SYSTEMS

1. The present worldwide trend is to install high power WTG in the range of 5 MW and above being required for large number of customers, for industrial customers or to feed into the public utility network.
2. Land based systems need dedicated large land areas for: the Wind Turbo Generator installation, for access roads, and for the right of way for overhead lines and/or underground cables to load centers that are usually away from the WTG. Land based Wind Farms have considerable objections due to, noise pollution (whining noise) that affect milk production from cows, are a safety hazard to birds, and the problem of providing access roads for heavy equipment reaching the site for installing heavy lifts, maintenance and operation. That is why offshore WTG farms are recommended.
3. Once an offshore Wind Farm is planned, it is worth investigating utilization of the offshore area to devise a Coordinated Offshore Energy Extraction (COEE) system to extract maximum renewable energy from wind, sea waves, tidal energy, solar and deep sea cold water.
4. At present most offshore Wind Turbine Farm projects are being installed 5-miles offshore in units rated at 5 MW and above.
5. “The wind power market value is expected to grow from €66.8 billion [$96.4 billion] in 2011 to €111.7 billion [$161.2 billion] in 2015,” according to International Wind Energy Development – World Update 2010, Wind Today reports. By the end of 2011, wind power is projected to supply the world with 1.92% of its electricity. By 2020, wind power is expected to produce 9.1% of the world’s electricity demand. “Looking forward, the report projects an average global growth rate of 15.5% per year for new annual installations through 2015, resulting in expected total global capacity of 513.6 GW by 2015.” (Note that 1,000 MW = 1 GW.).

Source: Clean Technica (http://s.tt/12tCa).

6. Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) theoretically have higher power efficiencies than vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) however wind direction is not important for a VAWT and so no time (and power) is wasted chasing the wind. In turbulent conditions with rapid changes in wind direction more electricity will be generated by a VAWT despite its lower efficiency
I. FUTURE PLANS FOR WT
1. 1. Wind Turbines are now planned for 7 MW and for future 20 MW ratings.
2. 2. Wind power manufacturer Vestas has announced it will complete the largest offshore wind turbine in the world. The V164-7.0 MW will be a colossal offshore turbine being designed for the roughest North Sea conditions — notorious for its violent winds. Source: Clean Technica (http://s.tt/12tqe)
3. 3. When completed, the wind turbine rotor will measure 164 meters (538 feet), surpassing Spain’s current 420 foot rotor. The size is almost equal to two American football fields. Vestas CEO, Ditlev Engel, said he is pleased to show a commitment to the offshore wind industry by introducing the V164-7.0 MW: “Seeing the positive indications from governments worldwide, and especially from the UK, to increase the utilization of wind energy is indeed very promising.” Clean Technica (http://s.tt/12tqe)
4. 4. A common 400 KV high DC network is planned to interconnect wind farms in Europe.
5. II. POWER EXTRACTION
  1. 1. Albert Betz was a German physicist who in 1919 concluded that no wind turbine can convert more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy turning a rotor. To this day this is known as the Betz Limit or Betz' Law. This limit has nothing to do with inefficiencies in the generator, but in the very nature of wind turbines themselves.
  2. 2. The theoretical maximum power efficiency of any design of wind turbine is 0.59 (i.e. no more than 59% of the energy carried by the wind can be extracted by a wind turbine). Once you also factor in the engineering requirements of a wind turbine - strength and durability in particular - the real world limit is well below the Betz Limit with values of 0.35-0.45 common even in the best designed wind turbines. By the time you take into account other inefficiencies in a complete wind turbine system - e.g. the generator, bearings, power transmission and so on - only 10-30% of the power of the wind is ever actually converted into usable electricity. (see the graphic above from the Iowa Energy Center, USA.)
  3. III. POWER CONVERSION
    1. 1. By its nature, the WT cannot produce and parallel its AC outputs since they lack fine voltage and frequency control. They must revert to the following options:

a. The WTG generates electric power at 3-phase A.C., is converted offshore to 11 or 20 KV D.C, paralleled and transmitted to shore, where it is inverted to 11 or 20 KV 3-phase A.C., stepped up as and if required and fed into the network at required voltage and frequency.

b.The WTG generates electric power at 11 KV, D.C., where it is paralleled and transmitted to the shore for inversion to 11 KV, 3-phase A.C., stepped up as and if required and fed into the network at required voltage and frequency.

2. “Offshore but Online.” and “Challenges on the Road to an Offshore HVDC Grid.” This white paper discusses the technical challenges for offshore HVDC grids, which is a promising alternative for grid connection of offshore wind farms. It explores why HVDC is necessary and which types of converters should be used. The need for standardization is also discussed, as well as the need for more advanced HVDC circuit breakers for the more complex multi-terminal HVDC systems.

Dennis McKinley

North America Wind Power

ABB Inc.

IV. WEIGHTS AND MOORING

1. The heavy weight of wind turbines matters financially because it not only makes it difficult to install them but also to transport them. The combined weight of the SWT-6.0-120′s nacelle and blades is 350 tons (no small matter).Source: Clean Technica (http://s.tt/12Ftj
2. The first foundation of the offshore wind farm Thornton Bank 2 has been successfully installed off the coast of Belgium. The around 50 meter high and 550 ton steel foundation (a so-called jacket foundation) was manufactured in Hoboken near Antwerp, and in the past few days it was transported via pontoons through the Scheldt estuary to its final destination around 30 kilometers off the Belgian coast.
3. Thornton Bank´s second construction phase will have 24x6-megawatt wind turbines on around 10 square kilometers area. The total weight that the individual foundations will carry is around 700 tons.
4. An Alstom 5MW wind turbine and its support structure have a total combined weight of 1,500 tons.
5. Firma are now proposing floating offshore WTG supports. This is another enginnering feat to be overcome with additional incurred expenses.

V. Technical Data

a. WTG 2.3 MW
b. Turbine Wight 138 tonnes
c. Turbine height 65 m
d. Rotor diameter 82.4 m
e. Draft hull 100 m
f. Displacement 5,300 c3
g. Diameter at water line 6 m
h. Water depths 120 – 700 m
i. Mooring 3 lines
VI. DISADVANTAGES of WT PRESENT DESIGN
1. Taking a modest 100 meter deep sea bed, then the WT Nacelle is at a minimum of 191 meters above the sea bed (100+9m clearance +164/2 blade length) which is equivalent to a 64 floors high building. Just imagine that a weight of 350 tons is installed at the roof of a 64 floors high building.
2. Adding 550 tons steel foundation gives a total of 900 ton structure acting at the sea bed.
3. Add the horizontal forces of approximately 4 tons at a wind speed of 50 Km/hour and 86 tons at 240 Km/hour wind speeds in addition to wind and cross currents forces acting at the WT support above and underwater. Add the vibrations acting on the WT support you end up with an engineering structural feat.
4. Stay wires with respective anchors at the seabed are needed to counteract horizontal wind forces and cross currents. These may become useless in the long term due to settling of the anchor of the WT support.
5. Stay wires are installed under water making the offshore sea area of around 10 square kilometers required for 24x6-megawatt wind turbines out of bound for navigation.
6. A team of research engineers from the Technical University of Denmark report that stone armor around the 4.2 m diameter mono-pile foundations of the vast Horns Rev offshore wind farm in the North Sea was found to have unexpectedly sunk by up to 1.5 m.
7. Imagine the service and lifting equipment required for servicing and maintenance.
8. Some firms are proposing helipads at each WT supporting structure.
9. At present there are 40 Billion US$ worth of WTG that their warranty had expired. Clients are required to operate and maintain this mess of preliminary designs.
10. VII. ELECTRICAL DISADVANTAGES

The treatment of WTG electrical outputs as described under III above reduces overall efficiency of the system, imposes additional costs for expensive conversion/inversion equipment and control gear, and additional operation and maintenance costs..

VIII. COST PER INSTALLED KW AND PER KWH
1. 1. The price of offshore turbine rose 48% fro1.38 m$/MW in 2008 to3.45 M$ in 2010.
2. 2. The Nova Scotia Utility and Review Board (UARB) held a hearing to discuss draft rates in early April and final rates are expected soon. Prices range depending on the perceived level of risk associated with the technology. In-stream tidal, a relatively new technology, has a high proposed rate at $0.652/kWh compared to big wind, a more established technology, at $0.452/kWh
3. IX. RECOMMENDATIONS
  1. 1. The above leads to seriously consider the Coordinated Offshore Energy Extraction system as herein proposed.
    1. 1.

COEE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The COEE system consists of the following:

I. WGD Offshore “Construction Unit”.
1. The “Construction Unit” is a fixed structure extending and anchored to the sea bed for support of all equipment. It consists of a dry deck 6-meter above mean sea level (MSL) and acts as an offshore enclosed dry structure with supports extending to the anchors at the sea bed.
2. Construction Units measure 17x13 to 31x23 meters depending on the selected Float diameter and extends only six meters below MSL.
3. The CU houses all equipment and associated electrical protective switchgear and controls for Wave, Tidal, Wind and Solar Extraction systems and for deep cold sea water extraction for use as chilled water for Air Conditioning (SWAC).
4. The number and size of the “Construction Units” depends upon Float and project size.
5. For 3m high waves, the average wave power output over the whole wave cycle varies between 151.24 and 306.40 KW per “Construction Unit” using 1.5 to 3m diameter Floats respectively. These figures do not include wave height attenuation and wave vertical axis wave water turbine output.
6. Provides offshore dry deck and space for all equipment except tidal turbines, wave water turbines and solar panels. The equipment installed at each Construction Unit are the following:

i. Ten (10) sets each consisting of four pumps directly driven by the Float and pumping high pressure water to a common hydro turbo electric generator. One HTG and a step-up transformer are installed per a group of twelve CU’s, or.

ii. Ten (10) sets each consisting of four variable speed electric generators directly driven by the Float. The generators are 3-phase A.C. with electrical output at required voltage and frequency. One step-up transformer is installed per a group of twelve CU’s.

Alternately a D.C. generator may be substituted for the A.C generator. In this case D.C/A.C. inverters are used together with step-up transformers.

iii. Three (3) or more vertical axis water turbines to extract energy from the Lee side of the wave as shown in Figure-8.

iv. Six (6) or more tidal turbines to extract tidal energy.

v. PV cells are installed at the roof of the CU to extract solar energy. CU roof area varies between 221 and 713 sqm.

vi. One (1) wind turbine with a blade sweep ranging from 19 to 34 meters.

vii. One (1) set of aerated water pumps for pumping deep cold sea water for use as an Air Conditioning medium.

II. Wave Gear Drive-Pump or Generator
1. A Float following wave undulations transfers buoyant uplift to:

i. Drive a pump to pump a small quantity of water to high head; collects and feeds it to a hydro-turbo generator, or

ii. Drive an electric “Generator to generate electric power.

iii. A vertical axis turbine is installed to extract energy from the Lee side of the wave and transmit it directly to the generator installed at the dry deck. This extracts maximum wave energy and levels the power output over the whole wave cycle.

III. Wave Air Pump

1. a. Compresses a small quantity of air to high pressure; collects and feeds it to the air inlet of a turbo generator, thus reducing fuel consumption, maintains required turbo generator output irrespective of availability of waves. Fuel is injected as needed.
2. b. Adding “fogging system” (injecting water vapor into the turbine inlet air) will further improve the turbine efficiency.
IV. Wind Turbines
1. One wind turbine is installed at each “Construction Unit” with a blade sweep ranging from 19 to 34 meters, providing output power up to 1.5MW at 14 m/sec wind speed. This is in comparison to 5MW and above WT presently planned and installed.
2. Reducing the blade sweep reduces construction, operation and maintenance costs and results in modular construction equipment.
3. Transfers wind turbine torque and pitch control via direct drive shafts at low RPM to the deck level, to drive VSG-Isosync generators.
4. No equipment other than a simple angular gear or universal joints is installed at the nacelle at the top of the wind turbine support structure.
5. Large Wind Turbines up to 1.5 MW each can be installed to maximize wind energy extraction and to maximize use of sea area.
6. Eleven WT 34m diameter each giving 1.5 MW giving an output of (16.5MW) are installed in the space required for one 5MW wind turbine whose blade swing is 164 m..
V. Ebb/Tide Turbines
1. Conic sections at both turbine ends amplify water velocity above 2 m/s, and are provided with screens to prevent ingress of debris and marine life.
2. Turbine torque, pitch and rotation control are mechanically transferred via a gear chain or angle gear to a VSG Isosync generator at the dry deck.
3. Electric Power output per 4m diameter cone for the tidal turbine at a water velocity of 2m/sec is estimated at 90 KW per turbine.
4. Up to six (6) Ebb/Tide turbines with 4m diameter cone are installed at each “Construction Unit”.
VI. SWAC PUMP
1. b. A SWAC pump is provided to pump deep sea cold water to be used for air conditioning systems.

VII. SOLAR PANELS

b. Solar Panels are installed at the roof of the “Construction Unit” to further utilize offshore area utilization and to extract solar energy. The roof area varies between 221 and 713 SQM to provide an output between 44 and 143 KW per CU.

COEE SYSTEM OPERATION

All equipment installed at the CU are coordinated to provide 3-phase electric power output, scalable and ready for transmission to the shore for connection to the electric power transmission/distribution network.

All equipment, protective gear and controls are installed in an enclosure at the dry deck 6m above MSL. The CU units are spaced in a V configuration to provide continuous power output over the whole wave cycle with minimum power ripple.

The COEE system provides maximum area utilization for offshore energy extraction. The power output is estimated at 1 MW per ten meters of sea front.

Table – 1 COEE SYSTEM OUTPUT - Phi 2m Float and CU 21x16 meters

Power Output KW Energy Output KW-Hour Percent

System Description Min Max Min Max of Total

Wind Turbine OD 34m, 14m/sec wind 26 1,277 228,766 1,893,791 39.58

Wave Power, 10 sets, 4 each, Float OD 2m 9.52 871 750,798 1,651,196 25.01

Wave Turbine, 4 each, OD 2m 1 200 1,483 279,511 5.84

Tidal Turbine, 3 each, OD 2m/4m, 2m/sec 133 133 970,900 970,900 20.29

Solar PV cells @ 365 days-10 Hours/day 44 143 160,600 521,950 11.92

TOTALS 207 2,772 1,367,889 4,784,197 100.00

NOTE

Twenty (20%) percent of the energy is extracted by Tidal Turbines, as they operate 20/24 hours per day,365 days per year..

The estimated power output can easily reach 1 MW per 10 meters of sea front at a sea state of 3m High waves.